{"id":11297,"date":"2012-07-09T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2012-07-09T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/reasons.org\/publications\/the-optimal-design-of-metabolism\/"},"modified":"2012-07-09T09:00:00","modified_gmt":"2012-07-09T09:00:00","slug":"the-optimal-design-of-metabolism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/creation\/life\/the-optimal-design-of-metabolism","title":{"rendered":"The Optimal Design of Metabolism"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"post-norm\">\n<div class=\"container\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2\">\n<!-- CONTENT BEGINS --><\/p>\n<p>New work by scientists from Switzerland and the Netherlands provides increased evidence for the optimal design of the cell\u2019s metabolic pathways. This optimization supports the notion that life stems from the work of an intelligent Agent.<\/p>\n<p>One of the biggest shocks I experienced when we moved from Cincinnati to the Los Angeles area thirteen years ago was the traffic\u2014and the complexity of the Southern California freeway system. (When you ask someone for directions, it sounds like a quarterback calling out signals at the line of scrimmage: take the 210 to the 57 to the 5 to the 55 to the&#8230; hut!)<\/p>\n<p>Yet, in spite of the horrible traffic and complex directions, the well-designed freeway system makes it easy to navigate the greater Los Angeles area. Virtually all of the towns and cities are laid out on a grid, connecting major roadways to different regions of the Southland.<\/p>\n<p>Conversely, cities on the east coast are laid out in a haphazard manner, in part because they were built hundreds of years ago, well before automobiles became the dominant means of transportation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Metabolic Pathways<\/strong><br \/>\nMetabolism refers to the myriad chemical reactions that occur in organisms necessary to sustain life. Metabolic activity makes it possible for life-forms to extract energy from the environment and construct life\u2019s components. These processes allow organisms to grow, reproduce, maintain biological structures, and respond to changes in the environment. Metabolic reactions include the production and breakdown of proteins and RNA molecules, DNA replication, and the assembly of cell membranes and cell walls.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, metabolism involves reactions of small molecules. A significant number of metabolic reactions produce small molecules used by the cell\u2019s machinery as building blocks to assemble proteins, DNA, RNA, and cell membrane bilayers. On the other hand, some metabolic activities breakdown compounds like glucose and other sugar molecules into smaller molecules to provide energy for the cell\u2019s operations. Some metabolic activities prepare materials the cell no longer needs (cellular waste) for elimination. Other reactions detoxify materials that are harmful to the cell.<\/p>\n<p>Within the cell\u2019s interior, metabolic processes are often organized like city streets into routes or pathways comprised of a series of chemical reactions. These reactions transform a starting compound into a final product via a series of small, stepwise chemical changes. Each step in a metabolic route is mediated by a protein (called an enzyme) that assists in the chemical transformation. These pathways can be linear, branched, or circular. An example of a linear pathway is glycolysis, which is illustrated in figure 1 below.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-responsive\" src=\"fd666c47-1f86-66f3-b463-ff00002b9606\" data-displaymode=\"Original\" alt=\"Glycosis\" title=\"tnrtb__inline--tnrtb-the-optimal-design-of-metabolism-1\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> Image credit: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Glycolysis.jpg<\/i><\/p>\n<p>The chemical components that form part of a particular metabolic sequence sometimes take part in other metabolic pathways. These shared compounds cause metabolic pathways to be interconnected and networked together. The sum total of metabolic processes represents a complex, reticulated web of chemical reactions, each one catalyzed by an enzyme. Figure 2 below shows (in a highly schematic way) the major <br \/>\nmetabolic pathways in the cell and some ways that they interconnect.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-responsive\" src=\"1b676c47-1f86-66f3-b463-ff00002b9606\" data-displaymode=\"Original\" alt=\"Metabolism\" title=\"tnrtb__inline--tnrtb-the-optimal-design-of-metabolism-2\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> Image credit:<br \/>\nhttps:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Metabolism_790px_partly_labeled.png<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Given the vast complexity of the cell\u2019s metabolism, (go <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/OpDCYc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here<\/a> for a detailed depiction of the cell\u2019s metabolic pathways) it\u2019s easy to envision how evolutionary processes could have poorly matched the pathways together, bit by bit, over a vast period of time\u2014just like the random layout of some cities in the eastern United States.<\/p>\n<p>However, a number of recent reports point out that metabolic pathways in the cell appear to be designed exquisitely, rather than haphazardly. (For more details, go <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reasons.org\/articles\/metabolism-a-cascade-of-design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reasons.org\/articles\/making-the-case-for-intelligent-design-more-robust\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here<\/a>.)<\/p>\n<p>A new study further highlights the optimality of the cell\u2019s metabolic systems.<sup>2<\/sup> Using the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optimization_theory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">multi-dimension optimization theory<\/a>, researchers evaluated the performance of the metabolic systems of several different bacteria. The data generated by monitoring the flux (movement) of compounds through metabolic pathways (like the movement of cars along the roadways ) allowed researchers to assess the behavior of cellular metabolism. They determined that metabolism functions optimally for a system that seeks to accomplish multiple objectives. It looks as if the cell\u2019s metabolism is optimized to operate under a single set of conditions. At the same time, it can perform optimally with relatively small adjustments to the metabolic operations when the cell experiences a change in condition.<\/p>\n<p>This latest study illustrates that biochemical systems are highly optimized. Optimization is a hallmark feature of man-made designs, and it requires planning and deliberate effort to achieve such optimization. So, by analogy, one could argue that the optimization of biochemical systems reflects the work of an intelligent Agent\u2014a Creator. (See my book, <a href=\"https:\/\/support.reasons.org\/purchase\/the-cells-design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><i>The Cell\u2019s Design<\/i><\/a>, for a more detailed presentation of this argument.)<\/p>\n<div class=\"footnotes\">\n<h5>Endnotes<\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li>Robert Schuetz et al., \u201cMultidimensional Optimality of Microbial Metabolism,\u201d <i>Science<\/i> 336 (2012): 601\u20134.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- CONTENT ENDS -->\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Explore new scientific evidence supporting the optimal design of cellular metabolism, highlighting its complexity and intelligent planning.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":579,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_person_authors":[],"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":"","_classifai_error":"","_classifai_text_to_speech_error":"","_classifai_text_to_speech_scheduled":false},"categories":[63990,63996],"tags":[70457,70432,70456],"discipline":[64076],"reading-level":[64149],"class_list":["post-11297","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-life","category-does-god-exist","tag-optimal-design","tag-quantum-tunneling","tag-cicadas","discipline-biochemistry","reading-level-advanced-deep-dive"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.0) - 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We\u2019ll help unravel the mysteries and marvels of living creatures that point to a loving Creator\u2014the one who made and sustains it all.","parent":63984,"count":1210,"filter":"raw","term_order":"0","cat_ID":63990,"category_count":1210,"category_description":"Let\u2019s explore God\u2019s handiwork, from the tiny designs in DNA to the fascinating worlds of plants, animals, dinosaurs, and more. We\u2019ll help unravel the mysteries and marvels of living creatures that point to a loving Creator\u2014the one who made and sustains it all.","cat_name":"Life","category_nicename":"life","category_parent":63984},{"term_id":63996,"name":"Does God Exist?","slug":"does-god-exist","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":63996,"taxonomy":"category","description":"Is God real, or just a human invention? From the fine-tuning of our universe to the intricate design of life, the evidence for a Creator is more compelling than you realize. But if God exists, why doesn\u2019t he make himself more obvious? And if God created everything, then who created God? These are important questions worth investigating. Let\u2019s explore what scientific research reveals about God\u2019s existence and presence in your life.","parent":63995,"count":222,"filter":"raw","term_order":"0","cat_ID":63996,"category_count":222,"category_description":"Is God real, or just a human invention? From the fine-tuning of our universe to the intricate design of life, the evidence for a Creator is more compelling than you realize. But if God exists, why doesn\u2019t he make himself more obvious? And if God created everything, then who created God? These are important questions worth investigating. Let\u2019s explore what scientific research reveals about God\u2019s existence and presence in your life.","cat_name":"Does God Exist?","category_nicename":"does-god-exist","category_parent":63995}],"tag_info":[{"term_id":70457,"name":"Optimal Design","slug":"optimal-design","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":70454,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":13,"filter":"raw","term_order":"0"},{"term_id":70432,"name":"Quantum Tunneling","slug":"quantum-tunneling","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":70429,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":21,"filter":"raw","term_order":"0"},{"term_id":70456,"name":"Cicadas","slug":"cicadas","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":70453,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":47,"filter":"raw","term_order":"0"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11297","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/579"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11297"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11297\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11297"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11297"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11297"},{"taxonomy":"discipline","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/discipline?post=11297"},{"taxonomy":"reading-level","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/reading-level?post=11297"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}