{"id":12583,"date":"2010-06-01T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2010-06-01T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/reasons.org\/publications\/multiple-general-relativity-tests-affirm-a-creator\/"},"modified":"2010-06-01T09:00:00","modified_gmt":"2010-06-01T09:00:00","slug":"multiple-general-relativity-tests-affirm-a-creator","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/creation\/universe\/multiple-general-relativity-tests-affirm-a-creator","title":{"rendered":"Multiple General Relativity Tests Affirm a Creator"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"post-norm\">\n<div class=\"container\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2\">\n<!-- CONTENT BEGINS --><\/p>\n<p><em>Babe Ruth. Willie Mays. Hank Aaron. Ted Williams. This bunch would make any fan\u2019s short list\u2013\u2013a seemingly inevitable event this time of year\u2013\u2013of baseball\u2019s all-time greatest players. The arguments are obvious and compelling: they were superstars.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Looking to the stars and beyond, Christians have marshaled arguments of their own through the centuries to contend for the existence of the God of the Bible. In terms of scientific relevance, <a href=\"\/articles\/multiverse-musings---the-beginning\">the cosmological and teleological arguments<\/a>(or \u201ccausal argument\u201d and \u201cargument from design\u201d) represent the two most potent lines of reasoning.<\/p>\n<p>These two classical arguments have received a modern boost as the scientific community\u2019s understanding of the theory of general relativity grows. A wealth of recently published research affirms the validity of this powerful theory and further solidifies the apologetic case for God\u2019s existence.<\/p>\n<p>When Albert Einstein first published his theory of general relativity (GR) in 1915, the proposal had no empirical foundation. While GR explained some orbital anomalies of Mercury and exhibited some philosophical elegance, real experimental validation of the theory lay decades in the future.<\/p>\n<p>The first significant success for Einstein\u2019s theory came in the late 1920s when Edwin Hubble confirmed GR\u2019s generic prediction of an expanding universe. Over the last 80 years, extensive theoretical and observational research has supported Hubble\u2019s original results and strongly argues that we live in a big bang universe.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" style=\"width: 356px; height: 445px;\" src=\"https:\/\/reasons.org\/files\/NRTB vol2 no3 general rel experiment.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Credit: Artist&#8217;s concept of general relativity experiment. courtesy NASA\/JPL-Caltech.<br \/>\nGeneral relativity says that massive objects product a gravitational well that deflects or bends light as it passes by.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Big bang cosmology clearly aligns with the <a href=\"\/articles\/big-bang---the-bible-taught-it-first\">biblical description of the universe<\/a>. Both say the universe starts with a singular beginning, expands, and incorporates constant (in both time and space) physical laws that govern the cosmos. Additionally, if general relativity is correct, more recent observations imply that dark matter and dark energy comprise the dominant \u201cstuff\u201d of the universe. While not mentioned in the Bible, these dark substances display extraordinary design consistent with the biblical notion that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reasons.org\/catalog\/why-universe-way-it\">one primary function of the universe is to support advanced life<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Previous precision tests had already confirmed the validity of GR but only on length scales limited to the solar system. (The generic prediction and observation of cosmic expansion does not count as a precision test.) Did general relativity accurately describe the entire cosmos? The possibility remained that GR needed modification on larger, namely galactic, scales. Scientists needed to test GR against other explanations for how objects in the universe affect one another.<\/p>\n<p>Two main gravity theories that modify GR are known by the names f(R) and TeVeS (or Tensor-Vector-Scaler). Four significant research papers tested these competing theories and held the possibility of seriously challenging general relativity and, thus, big bang cosmology.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h4>Galaxy Clusters: Discriminating Models and Affirming Dark Matter<\/h4>\n<p>In one paper<sup>1<\/sup>, a team of scientists analyzed the clustering of 70,000 galaxies extending one third of the way across the observable universe. GR, f(R), and TeVeS descriptions of gravity differ in how galaxies cluster, how gravitational lensing operates, and how quickly the structure grows. Consequently, measuring a parameter, called EG, that incorporates all three of these effects can discriminate between these models. GR predicts a value around 0.4. The paper reports a value of E<sub>G<\/sub> = 0.39 \u00b1 0.06. Very consistent. In contrast, popular models of f(R) and TeVeS gravity predict values around 0.328\u20130.365 and 0.22, respectively.<\/p>\n<p>What does this mean? TeVeS models that tweak GR to avoid postulating the existence of dark matter can be ruled out. f(R) models remain marginally consistent with the results but the next generation of surveys\u2013\u2013by incorporating more galaxies and tightening systematic error bars\u2013\u2013will be more decisive. Equally important, these results extend tests for GR on scales 100 billion times larger than previously measured.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h4>Galaxy Clusters: Affirming Dark Energy<\/h4>\n<p>Another research team<sup>2<\/sup> studied an even larger sample of galaxies\u2014nearly 450,000. This team used large galaxy surveys and follow-up redshift measurements to assemble the most comprehensive, three dimensional <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tomography\">tomographical map<\/a> of galaxies. The redshift provided the distances to the galaxies and the gravitational lensing filled in the mass distribution of the map.<\/p>\n<p>The existence of dark energy leaves tell-tale signatures that a precise galaxy map would identify. In particular, dark energy causes the universe to grow more quickly and it slows the growth of galaxy clusters. The unprecedented precision and scale of this map revealed both of these signatures. Thus, no modifications of GR are required to explain the map. Additionally, the map provides verification of the mysterious dark energy, independent of supernovae data and cosmic microwave background data.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h4>Galaxy Cluster Simulations: No Modifications to GR<\/h4>\n<p>A third paper<sup>3<\/sup> compared observed counts of galaxy clusters to cosmological simulations with different descriptions of gravity (specifically, GR and f(R) models). <a href=\"\/articles\/sdss-measurements-confirm-existence-of-dark-energy\">The study included the observations of the cosmic microwave background<\/a>, supernovae data, measurements of the Hubble constant, and the Baryon Acoustic Oscillations to improve the constraints on modifications to GR by four orders of magnitude. Again, these results confirm the validity of GR and place serious constraints on alternative models.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h4>X-Ray Galaxy Clusters: Further Confirmation of GR<\/h4>\n<p>A fourth collaboration4 described constraints placed on modifications to GR using a measurement of how the X-ray luminosity of galaxy clusters changes in time. Applying a popular growth rate characterization, GR predicts a value of 0.55 for a particular parameter designated \u03b3. For the first time, the team placed constraints on \u03b3 using X-ray data and found concordance with GR.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>These four discoveries represent a diverse set of methods, data collection\/analysis and publication forums. Yet all the results affirm the validity of general relativity (particularly on cosmological scales) and the existence of dark matter and dark energy. These advances give scientists great confidence that big bang cosmology (which flows out of general relativity) accurately describes the beginning and development of the universe.<\/p>\n<p>In turn, both the beginning (cosmological argument) and fine-tuning (teleological argument) evidenced by big bang cosmology testify to a powerful, caring Creator who fashioned this universe in preparation for humanity.<\/p>\n<div class=\"footnotes\">\n<h5>Endnotes<\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li>Reinabelle Reyes et al., \u201cConfirmation of General Relativity on Large Scales from Weak Lensing and Galaxy Velocities,\u201d <em>Nature <\/em>464 (March 11, 2010): 256\u201358.<\/li>\n<li>Tim Schrabback et al., \u201cEvidence for the Accelerated Expansion of the Universe from Weak Lensing Tomography with COSMOS,\u201d <em>Astronomy and Astrophysics<\/em>, in press.<\/li>\n<li>Fabian Schmidt, Alexey Vihklinin, and Wayne Hu, \u201cCluster Constraints on f(R) Gravity,\u201d <em>Physical Review D <\/em>80 (October 15, 2009): 083505.<\/li>\n<li>David Rapetti et al., \u201cConstraints on Modified Gravity from the Observed X-ray Luminosity Function of Galaxy Clusters,\u201d <em>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society <\/em>400 (December 2009): 699\u2013704.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- CONTENT ENDS -->\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Recent precision tests of general relativity on cosmic scales affirm Big Bang cosmology and support arguments for a Creator based on scientific evidence.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":536,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_person_authors":[],"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":"","_classifai_error":"","_classifai_text_to_speech_error":"","_classifai_text_to_speech_scheduled":false},"categories":[63993,63996],"tags":[69535,69529,69586],"discipline":[64121],"reading-level":[64149],"class_list":["post-12583","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-universe","category-does-god-exist","tag-scientific-perspective","tag-biblical-worldview","tag-big-bang-theory","discipline-physics","reading-level-advanced-deep-dive"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.0) - 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The universe is finely tuned with breathtaking precision. Every star, planet, and black hole reflects complexity and purpose, pointing beyond itself to a masterful Designer.\r\n\r\nFrom the origins of the cosmos to the forces that hold it together, creation declares God\u2019s power, wisdom, and love. It\u2019s time to explore the evidence behind the big bang, the days of creation, the age of the earth, and the \u2018fingerprints\u2019 of a divine Creator.","parent":63984,"count":1131,"filter":"raw","term_order":"0","cat_ID":63993,"category_count":1131,"category_description":"The laws of physics and the vastness of space reveal astonishing order\u2014far from random chaos. The universe is finely tuned with breathtaking precision. Every star, planet, and black hole reflects complexity and purpose, pointing beyond itself to a masterful Designer.\r\n\r\nFrom the origins of the cosmos to the forces that hold it together, creation declares God\u2019s power, wisdom, and love. It\u2019s time to explore the evidence behind the big bang, the days of creation, the age of the earth, and the \u2018fingerprints\u2019 of a divine Creator.","cat_name":"The Universe","category_nicename":"universe","category_parent":63984},{"term_id":63996,"name":"Does God Exist?","slug":"does-god-exist","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":63996,"taxonomy":"category","description":"Is God real, or just a human invention? From the fine-tuning of our universe to the intricate design of life, the evidence for a Creator is more compelling than you realize. But if God exists, why doesn\u2019t he make himself more obvious? And if God created everything, then who created God? These are important questions worth investigating. Let\u2019s explore what scientific research reveals about God\u2019s existence and presence in your life.","parent":63995,"count":222,"filter":"raw","term_order":"0","cat_ID":63996,"category_count":222,"category_description":"Is God real, or just a human invention? From the fine-tuning of our universe to the intricate design of life, the evidence for a Creator is more compelling than you realize. But if God exists, why doesn\u2019t he make himself more obvious? And if God created everything, then who created God? These are important questions worth investigating. Let\u2019s explore what scientific research reveals about God\u2019s existence and presence in your life.","cat_name":"Does God Exist?","category_nicename":"does-god-exist","category_parent":63995}],"tag_info":[{"term_id":69535,"name":"Scientific Perspective","slug":"scientific-perspective","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":69535,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw","term_order":"0"},{"term_id":69529,"name":"Biblical Worldview","slug":"biblical-worldview","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":69529,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":11,"filter":"raw","term_order":"0"},{"term_id":69586,"name":"Big Bang Theory","slug":"big-bang-theory","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":69586,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":34,"filter":"raw","term_order":"0"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12583","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/536"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12583"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12583\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12583"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12583"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12583"},{"taxonomy":"discipline","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/discipline?post=12583"},{"taxonomy":"reading-level","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/reading-level?post=12583"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}