{"id":14217,"date":"2011-04-27T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2011-04-27T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/reasons.org\/publications\/atp-synthase-ratchets-up-the-case-for-intelligent-design\/"},"modified":"2011-04-27T09:00:00","modified_gmt":"2011-04-27T09:00:00","slug":"atp-synthase-ratchets-up-the-case-for-intelligent-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/creation\/life\/atp-synthase-ratchets-up-the-case-for-intelligent-design","title":{"rendered":"ATP Synthase Ratchets Up the Case for Intelligent Design"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"post-norm\">\n<div class=\"container\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2\">\n<!-- CONTENT BEGINS --><\/p>\n<p>I love reading Shakespeare\u2019s plays and seeing them performed. One of the things that fascinates me about the Bard\u2019s work is his use of dramatic devices such as a \u201cplay within a play.\u201d He effectively employed this technique in both <i>A Midsummer Night\u2019s Dream<\/i> and <i>Hamlet<\/i> as a way to advance the plot, with each mock performance serving as a mirror for the events and the themes of the main play.<\/p>\n<p>Researchers recently discovered the biochemical equivalent of a play within a play\u2014or more appropriately a motor within a motor motif\u2014for the enzyme <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ATP_synthase\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">F<sub>0<\/sub>-F<sub>1<\/sub> ATP synthase<\/a>.<sup>1<\/sup> This discovery effectively provides important insight into the way this <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enzyme\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">enzyme<\/a> functions. It also helps to advance the case for intelligent design.<\/p>\n<h2>F<sub>0<\/sub>-F<sub>1<\/sub> ATP Synthase<\/h2>\n<p>The recognition that many protein complexes function as molecular-level machines is one of the most remarkable advances in biochemistry during the last part of the twentieth century.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-responsive\" src=\"dca66c47-1f86-66f3-b463-ff00002b9606\" data-displaymode=\"Original\" alt=\"tnrtb__inline--atp-synthase-ratchets-up-the-case-for-intelligent-design\" title=\"tnrtb__inline--atp-synthase-ratchets-up-the-case-for-intelligent-design\" \/><br \/>\n<\/figure>\n<p>One such system is the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proteins\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">protein<\/a> complex F<sub>0<\/sub>-F<sub>1<\/sub> ATP synthase. As I point out in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reasons.org\/catalog\/cells-design-how-chemistry-reveals-creators-artistry\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><i>The Cell\u2019s Design<\/i><\/a>, this rotary motor, found throughout nature, plays a central role in harvesting energy for cellular use. F<sub>0<\/sub>-F<sub>1<\/sub> ATP synthase associates with <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cell_membranes\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cell membranes<\/a>. The F<sub>1<\/sub> portion of the complex is mushroom-shaped and extends above the membrane\u2019s surface. The \u201cbutton\u201d of the mushroom corresponds literally to an engine turbine. The F<sub>0<\/sub>-F<sub>1<\/sub> ATP synthase turbine interacts with the complex\u2019s rotor (the \u201cstalk\u201d of a mushroom). The flow of positively charged hydrogen ions (or in some instances sodium ions) through the F<sub>0<\/sub> component, embedded in the cell membrane, drives the rotation of the rotor. A rod-shaped protein structure, extending above the membrane surface, serves as a stator. This protein rod interacts with the turbine, holding it stationary as the rotor rotates.<\/p>\n<p>The electrical current, flowing through the channels of the F<sub>0<\/sub> complex, is transformed into mechanical energy that drives the rotor\u2019s movement. A cam, extending at a right angle from the rotor\u2019s surface, causes displacements of the turbine. These back-and-forth motions are used to produce <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adenosine_triphosphate\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ATP (adenosine triphosphate)<\/a>. The cell uses this compound as a source of chemical energy to drive the operation of cellular processes.<\/p>\n<h2>The Motor Within<\/h2>\n<p>While biochemists generally understood the operation of this enzyme, they lacked a detailed understanding of the chemical mechanism that drives the generation of ATP from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and P<sub>i<\/sub> (an inorganic phosphate molecule)\u2014until now. New work by scientists from Sweden reveals the missing mechanistic details.<\/p>\n<p>It turns out that the chemical reaction that generates ATP from ADP and Pi occurs at three distinct sites located on the turbine portion of the F<sub>1<\/sub> complex. Specifically, these sites reside in the three grooves between the subunits of the turbine. Each time the rotor turns 120\u00b0 a molecule of ATP is made, with three molecules of this high-energy compound generated for one full rotation of the rotor.<\/p>\n<p>The researchers discovered that the 120\u00b0 step consists of two steps comprised of 90\u00b0 and 30\u00b0 rotations, respectively. These sub-steps correspond to two distinct <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transition_state\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">transition states<\/a> as ATP is made from ADP and P<sub>i<\/sub>. Once these transition states are formed, two separate chemical barriers in the turbine groove force the reaction to ratchet forward, thereby preventing the reverse reaction. In other words, the reaction is driven to completion by a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brownian_motor\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Brownian motor<\/a>, a special type of molecular-scale machine.<\/p>\n<p>The bottom line: there is a motor within a motor architecture for the F<sub>0<\/sub>-F<sub>1<\/sub> ATP synthase. The rotary motor translates electrical energy into mechanical energy, thereby erecting the energy barrier for the Brownian motor to drive ATP production.<\/p>\n<h2>ATP Synthase and the Case for Intelligent Design<\/h2>\n<p>It is remarkable to note the similarity between the structure and general operation of ATP synthase and a man-made rotary motor. This similarity extends even to the Brownian motor located within the ATP synthase rotary motor, a molecular-scale machine that drives ATP production.<\/p>\n<p>Brownian motors are based on the Brownian ratchet, a conceptual machine devised in 1912 by Polish physicist Marian Smoluchowski. Researchers are now exploring the use of Brownian ratchets in nanodevices as a way to power controlled motion at the molecular scale. It is provocative to think that this technology is an integral part of F<sub>0<\/sub>-F<sub>1<\/sub> ATP synthase. Plus, as I note in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reasons.org\/catalog\/cells-design-how-chemistry-reveals-creators-artistry\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><i>The Cell\u2019s Design<\/i><\/a>, a number of other biochemical systems operate as Brownian motors as well.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-responsive\" src=\"f59d6c47-1f86-66f3-b463-ff00002b9606\" data-displaymode=\"Original\" alt=\"tnrtb__inline--bacterial-flagellum-structure-stacks-the-case-for-intelligent-design-4\" title=\"tnrtb__inline--bacterial-flagellum-structure-stacks-the-case-for-intelligent-design-4\" \/><br \/>\n<\/figure>\n<p>The stark <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"\/articles\/the-provocative-case-for-intelligent-design-new-discovery-highlights-machine-like-character-of-the-bacterial-flagellum\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">resemblance between man-made machines and molecular motors<\/a> invigorates Paley\u2019s Watchmaker argument and helps make the case that life stems from the work of a Creator. In the case of the F1-F0 ATP synthase, the Watchmaker argument based on the general operation of this biomotor is mirrored by the Brownian motor that operates within.<\/p>\n<div class=\"footnotes\">\n<h5>Endnotes<\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li>Tamas Beke-Somfai, Per Lincoln, and Bengt Norden, \u201cDouble-Lock Ratchet Mechanism Revealing the Role of \u03b1SER-344 in F<sub>0<\/sub>F<sub>1<\/sub> ATP Synthase,\u201d <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA<\/em> 108 (2011): 4828\u201333.<strong><br \/>\n    <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- CONTENT ENDS -->\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Explore how the intricate motor within ATP synthase supports intelligent design, linking molecular machinery to purposeful creation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":579,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_person_authors":[],"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":"","_classifai_error":"","_classifai_text_to_speech_error":"","_classifai_text_to_speech_scheduled":false},"categories":[63990,63996],"tags":[69445,71023,70472],"discipline":[64076],"reading-level":[64149],"class_list":["post-14217","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-life","category-does-god-exist","tag-designer","tag-machine-like-enzymes","tag-creator-design","discipline-biochemistry","reading-level-advanced-deep-dive"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.0) - 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