{"id":14222,"date":"2018-06-18T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-06-18T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/reasons.org\/hazy-early-earth-more-affirmation-of-creation-day-4\/"},"modified":"2018-06-18T09:00:00","modified_gmt":"2018-06-18T09:00:00","slug":"hazy-early-earth-more-affirmation-of-creation-day-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/christianity\/bible\/hazy-early-earth-more-affirmation-of-creation-day-4","title":{"rendered":"Hazy Early Earth: More Affirmation of Creation Day 4"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"post-norm\">\n<div class=\"container\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2\">\n<!-- CONTENT BEGINS --><\/p>\n<p>When I first arrived in Pasadena for postdoctoral research at Caltech, the haze of Los Angeles smog was so thick that it was several weeks before I realized that a range of 6,000-foot high mountains lay just three miles to the north. Now, thanks to air pollution abatement, I see those mountains clearly every day.<\/p>\n<p>A new research <a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/aabd7d\">study<\/a> published in <em>Astrophysical Journal <\/em>affirms that a haze was at least partly responsible for the pervasive translucent skies that shrouded Earth during the first part of its history.<sup>1<\/sup> Genesis 1 and other biblical passages also describe the early atmosphere as hazy and clouded. The same study demonstrates through a series of experiments how Earth\u2019s atmospheric haze lessened greatly.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What Genesis 1 Says About Earth\u2019s Atmosphere<\/strong><br \/>\nI was taught the steps of the scientific method in every grade of my public school education in Canada. When I began to seriously investigate the world\u2019s major holy books at age 17, I applied the scientific method\u2014which I\u2019d been taught throughout my school years\u2014to test the reliability of the texts.<\/p>\n<p>When I finally picked up the Bible, I was stunned to discover that right there on the first page it meticulously followed the scientific method. Many years later I discovered why. As I explain in Appendix A of my book <a href=\"https:\/\/support.reasons.org\/purchase\/navigating-genesis\"><em>Navigating Genesis<\/em><\/a>,<sup>2<\/sup> the scientific method has its origin in the pages of the Bible and the theology of the Reformation.<\/p>\n<p>Step 1 of the scientific method is establishing the frame of reference. Genesis 1:2 explicitly states that the creation account\u2019s frame of reference is the viewpoint of an observer on Earth\u2019s watery surface (see figure 1): \u201cthe Spirit of God was hovering over the waters\u201d of \u201cthe surface of the deep.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-responsive\" src=\"c8d46d47-1f86-66f3-b463-ff00002b9606\" data-displaymode=\"Original\" alt=\"blog__inline-hazy-early-earth-1\" title=\"blog__inline-hazy-early-earth-1\" \/>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Figure 1: Frame of Reference for the Genesis Creation Days. <\/em><\/strong><em>Image credit: Hugh Ross<\/em><\/p>\n<p>From this viewpoint \u201cdarkness was over the surface of the deep\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=genesis+1%3A2&amp;version=NIV\">Genesis 1:2<\/a>, NIV) because God \u201cmade the clouds its [the sea\u2019s] garment and wrapped it [the sea] in thick darkness\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Job+38%3A9&amp;version=NIV\">Job 38:9<\/a>, NIV). So, even though God had already created the \u201cheavens\u201d (Genesis 1:1, NIV), including our Sun and Moon, light did not yet reach Earth\u2019s surface. On creation day 1, when God said, \u201cLet there be light\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Genesis+1%3A3&amp;version=NIV\">Genesis 1:3<\/a>, NIV), he transformed Earth\u2019s atmosphere from opaque to translucent. The atmosphere remained overcast (much like on a rainy day), but light could finally reach the planet surface.<\/p>\n<p>Later on creation day 4, when God said, \u201cLet there be lights in the expanse of the sky. . . . They will serve as signs for seasons and for days and years\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Genesis+1%3A14&amp;version=CSB\">Genesis 1:14<\/a>, CSB), he transformed Earth\u2019s atmosphere from translucent to at least occasionally be transparent. This would allow the animals God created on creation days 5 and 6 to see the positions of the Sun, Moon, and stars in the expanse of the sky and use those positions to regulate their biological clocks.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What Science Now Says About Earth\u2019s Early Atmosphere<\/strong><br \/>\nAs I document in my book <a href=\"https:\/\/support.reasons.org\/purchase\/improbable-planet\"><em>Improbable Planet<\/em><\/a>, the history of Earth\u2019s atmosphere is one of gradually declining amounts of methane and carbon dioxide.<sup>3<\/sup> Since methane and carbon dioxide are powerful greenhouse gases, this gradual decline is crucial for compensating for the ongoing brightening of the Sun.<\/p>\n<p>The quantity of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and perhaps that of methane also, correlates with the degree of cloud cover. More carbon dioxide and more methane mean more clouds. Thus, much greater quantities of these greenhouse gases in early Earth\u2019s atmosphere alone likely made the sky completely translucent from the viewpoint of an observer on Earth\u2019s surface.<\/p>\n<p>The new <em>Astrophysical Journal <\/em>study was performed by a team of scientists from a variety of fields. They uncovered another cause of early <span>Earth\u2019s atmospheric<\/span> translucency\u2014the lack of oxygen. The team performed laboratory experiments on gas mixtures of molecular nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, and molecular oxygen designed to mimic the composition of Earth\u2019s atmosphere during its first 4 billion years. They noted that oxygen concentrations greater than 20 parts per million \u201cresulted in a decrease in aerosol production rate with increasing O<sub>2<\/sub> concentration.\u201d<sup>4<\/sup> That is, the less oxygen in Earth\u2019s atmosphere, the denser the atmospheric haze will be.<\/p>\n<p>As figure 2 reveals, the oxygen content in Earth\u2019s atmosphere did not get high enough to prevent a pervasive haze until 580 million years ago, just before the first appearance of animals. Also, as the team noted in their paper, atmospheric hazes serve as cloud condensation nuclei.<sup>5<\/sup> Therefore, the denser the atmospheric haze the thicker will be the cloud cover.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-responsive\" src=\"d8d46d47-1f86-66f3-b463-ff00002b9606\" data-displaymode=\"Original\" alt=\"blog__inline-hazy-early-earth-2\" title=\"blog__inline-hazy-early-earth-2\" \/>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Figure 2: Oxygen in Earth\u2019s Atmosphere as a Percentage of Total Atmosphere. <\/em><\/strong><em>Image credit: Hugh Ross<\/em><\/p>\n<p>It does not take much haze to obscure the Sun, Moon, and stars from animals on Earth\u2019s surface sufficiently that they cease to be useful to regulate their biological clocks. Even today, with the atmospheric oxygen level at 210,000 parts per million, there are cities in Asia where even on a cloudless night it is not possible to see any stars and the Moon is visible only when it is at the full phase and situated near the zenith.<\/p>\n<p>The combination of denser haze and greater cloud cover previous to 580 million years ago means that whereas the light would penetrate to Earth\u2019s surface, it would not be possible for surface-dwelling creatures to discern with sufficient accuracy and frequency the positions of the Sun, Moon, and stars in the sky. This circumstance poses no problems for life previous to 580 million years ago since such life (microbes, algae, fungi, bryophytes) do not require knowledge of the positions of the Sun, Moon, and stars.<\/p>\n<p>The new research study affirms the creation chronology in Genesis 1: Earth\u2019s atmosphere transitioned from translucent to frequently transparent on creation day 4, just before God created Earth\u2019s first animals on creation day 5. The study provides yet more evidence that the more we learn about nature and its record the more we accumulate sound reasons to believe that the Bible is the authoritative, inspired, inerrant Word of God.<\/p>\n<p><!--\n\n\n<figure>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/support.reasons.org\/purchase\/navigating-genesis\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-responsive\" src=\"https:\/\/d4bge0zxg5qba.cloudfront.net\/cms\/images\/default-source\/banners\/navgen_webbanner.jpg\" alt=\"wwa\" \/><\/a>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n--><\/p>\n<div class=\"footnotes\">\n<h5>Endnotes<\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li>Sarah M. H\u00f6rst et al., \u201cExploring the Atmosphere of Neoproterozoic Earth: The Effect of O<sub>2<\/sub> on Haze Formation and Composition,\u201d <em>Astrophysical Journal <\/em>858 (May 2018): id.119, <a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/aabd7d\">https:\/\/doi:10.3847\/1538-4357\/aabd7d<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Hugh Ross, <em>Navigating Genesis: A Scientist\u2019s Journey through Genesis 1<span>\u201311<\/span> <\/em>(Covina, CA: RTB Press, 2014), 223<span>\u2013<\/span>24.<\/li>\n<li>Hugh Ross,<em> Improbable Planet: How Earth Became Humanity\u2019s Home<\/em> (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2016), 108<span>\u2013<\/span>97.<\/li>\n<li><span>H<\/span><span>\u00f6rst<\/span> et al., \u201cExploring the Atmosphere,\u201d p. 5.<\/li>\n<li><span>H<\/span><span>\u00f6rst<\/span> et al., \u201cExploring the Atmosphere,\u201d p. 1.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- CONTENT ENDS -->\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Explore how new scientific research on Earth&#8217;s early atmospheric haze supports Genesis Day 4, affirming the Bible&#8217;s creation account.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":586,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_person_authors":[],"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":"","_classifai_error":"","_classifai_text_to_speech_error":"","_classifai_text_to_speech_scheduled":false},"categories":[63981,63985],"tags":[70699,70349,70463],"discipline":[71262],"reading-level":[64149],"class_list":["post-14222","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bible","category-earth","tag-primordial-soup","tag-primordial-atmosphere","tag-aerosol-research","discipline-earth-science","reading-level-advanced-deep-dive"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium 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