{"id":335892,"date":"2022-09-16T05:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-09-16T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/?post_type=publications&#038;p=335892"},"modified":"2022-09-16T05:00:00","modified_gmt":"2022-09-16T12:00:00","slug":"what-are-the-a-and-b-theories-of-time","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/religions\/logic-reason\/what-are-the-a-and-b-theories-of-time","title":{"rendered":"What Are the A and B Theories of Time?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question of the week:<\/strong>&nbsp; What are the A and B theories of time? Does the B theory have anything to do with Hawking\u2019s imaginary time?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>My answer:<\/strong> The A and B theories of time are philosophical concepts. In the A theory, time is tensed, where there is a distinct difference between past, present, and future. In the B theory, time is tenseless, where there is no distinct difference between past, present, and future. Hawking&#8217;s imaginary time is like a second dimension of time: real time in one dimension and imaginary time in another dimension. The universe is constrained by three large space dimensions and one time dimension where time moves forward and cannot be stopped or reversed. The space-time theorems establish that God can create space-time dimensions at will. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It&#8217;s conceivable to think of God&#8217;s operations in the equivalent of two, three, or more independent dimensions of time. It&#8217;s possible that in one or more time dimensions the A theory operates while in one or more other time dimensions the B theory operates. Since God is not constrained in any way by the dimensions he creates, it&#8217;s conceivable for God to experience the equivalent of temporality completely independent of time dimensions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To read more on these questions, see my article, \u201c<a href=\"\/creation\/universe\/god-and-time-theories\">God and Time Theories<\/a>.\u201d To read much more on this subject, see my book, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/support.reasons.org\/purchase\/beyond-the-cosmos-3rd-edition\">Beyond the Cosmos<\/a>, 3rd edition<\/em>.&nbsp;Anyone can get a free chapter of the book at reasons.org\/ross.&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Explore the philosophical A and B theories of time and their relation to Hawking&#8217;s imaginary time from a theological and scientific perspective.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":586,"featured_media":336326,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_person_authors":[],"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":"","_classifai_error":"","_classifai_text_to_speech_error":"","_classifai_text_to_speech_scheduled":false},"categories":[64000,64012],"tags":[70424,70676,70646],"discipline":[64118],"reading-level":[64149],"class_list":["post-335892","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-who-is-god","category-logic-reason","tag-intelligent-creator","tag-time-dilation","tag-species-classification","discipline-philosophy","reading-level-advanced-deep-dive"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.0) - 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Is he an indifferent, distant force? An angry, Greek-like god? Or is he the loving Trinity who never changes, as many Christians claim? With so many perspectives, how do we separate truth from myth or personal opinion? Let's investigate how God reveals himself in creation, Scripture, and human history as our Creator, Savior, Redeemer, and more.","parent":63995,"count":43,"filter":"raw","term_order":"0","cat_ID":64000,"category_count":43,"category_description":"In a world where God has been defined in countless ways over millennia, how can we know for sure who he truly is? Is he an indifferent, distant force? An angry, Greek-like god? Or is he the loving Trinity who never changes, as many Christians claim? With so many perspectives, how do we separate truth from myth or personal opinion? Let's investigate how God reveals himself in creation, Scripture, and human history as our Creator, Savior, Redeemer, and more.","cat_name":"Who is God?","category_nicename":"who-is-god","category_parent":63995},{"term_id":64012,"name":"Logic &amp; Reason","slug":"logic-reason","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":64012,"taxonomy":"category","description":"If God created logic as a fundamental part of the universe, shouldn\u2019t it be central to our faith? Many people assume belief in God means abandoning reason, but the opposite is true\u2014logic and faith work together. The Bible calls us to seek truth, think critically, and test what we hear.\r\n\r\nLogic helps us recognize flawed arguments, evaluate evidence, and grow in wisdom. Even the scientific method relies on logic to examine natural and supernatural claims. Christianity isn\u2019t blind belief; it invites honest questions and stands up to scrutiny. Let\u2019s explore how logic and reason strengthen our understanding of God and his truth.","parent":64009,"count":175,"filter":"raw","term_order":"0","cat_ID":64012,"category_count":175,"category_description":"If God created logic as a fundamental part of the universe, shouldn\u2019t it be central to our faith? Many people assume belief in God means abandoning reason, but the opposite is true\u2014logic and faith work together. The Bible calls us to seek truth, think critically, and test what we hear.\r\n\r\nLogic helps us recognize flawed arguments, evaluate evidence, and grow in wisdom. Even the scientific method relies on logic to examine natural and supernatural claims. Christianity isn\u2019t blind belief; it invites honest questions and stands up to scrutiny. Let\u2019s explore how logic and reason strengthen our understanding of God and his truth.","cat_name":"Logic &amp; Reason","category_nicename":"logic-reason","category_parent":64009}],"tag_info":[{"term_id":70424,"name":"Intelligent Creator","slug":"intelligent-creator","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":70424,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":55,"filter":"raw","term_order":"0"},{"term_id":70676,"name":"time Dilation","slug":"time-dilation","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":70673,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":7,"filter":"raw","term_order":"0"},{"term_id":70646,"name":"Species Classification","slug":"species-classification","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":70643,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":35,"filter":"raw","term_order":"0"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/335892","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/586"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=335892"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/335892\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/336326"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=335892"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=335892"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=335892"},{"taxonomy":"discipline","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/discipline?post=335892"},{"taxonomy":"reading-level","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/reading-level?post=335892"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}