{"id":354773,"date":"2024-01-01T05:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-01-01T13:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/?p=354773"},"modified":"2024-01-01T05:00:00","modified_gmt":"2024-01-01T13:00:00","slug":"big-bang-model-is-not-dead","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/creation\/universe\/big-bang-model-is-not-dead","title":{"rendered":"Big Bang Model Is Not Dead"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

One of the most significant benefits of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is its unique ability to detect and measure galaxies within an era known as \u201cthe cosmic dawn.\u201d For astronomers, the name has nothing to do with the sci-fi thriller about a UFO cult. Rather, it refers to the period from 0.2 to 1.2 billion years after the cosmic origin event, the era when starlight first illuminated the universe. JWST images of this era have caused some people to doubt the credibility of big bang cosmology.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Surprising Observations<\/strong>
The initial JWST deep field images revealed an unexpected abundance of bright galaxies, considered as candidates to be at redshifts greater than 10,1<\/sup> distances that correspond with the first 0.478 billion years of cosmic history.2<\/sup> To date, the JWST has detected as many as 90 such candidates\u2014a number significantly higher than what standard big bang creation models would predict. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

By \u201cstandard\u201d big bang models, I mean a set of models characterized by a flat cosmic geometry and in which dark energy is the most dominant component of the universe, with cold dark matter as the second most dominant component. Thus, they are also referred to as \u039bCDM big bang models (with \u039b standing for dark energy and CDM for cold dark matter). The JWST images revealed not only an unanticipated abundance of bright cosmic dawn galaxy candidates, but also that these candidates\u2019 ultraviolet luminosities appear about ten times brighter than the \u039bCDM models had predicted. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This surprising overabundance of cosmic dawn galaxy candidates with exceptionally high ultraviolet luminosities quickly gave rise to a spate of popular articles claiming that big bang cosmology needs major revision. Some astronomers began calling for \u201ca reexamination of the theoretical landscape of galaxy formation at the cosmic dawn.\u201d3<\/sup> A few have gone so far as to claim that physics beyond standard \u039bCDM cosmology must now be considered. Examples of proposed new options include \u201ca modified primordial power spectrum,\u201d4<\/sup> a \u201cprimordial non-Gaussian\u201d cosmos,\u201d5<\/sup> or \u201calternative dark matter models.\u201d6<\/sup> However, these \u201cnew physics\u201d hypotheses do not represent alternatives to big bang cosmology. They are still big bang origin models, even though they are not \u039bCDM big bang models.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A more extreme response has come from creationist organizations that espouse belief in a universe and\/or Earth only thousands of years old. These groups are claiming that the JWST images refute big bang cosmology entirely. For example, the founder of Answers in Genesis writes, \u201cJWST\u2019s images are blatantly and repeatedly contradicting the Big Bang Hypothesis.\u201d7<\/sup> In a more recent article, a staff physicist at the Institute for Creation Research has written, \u201cBy Big Bang reckoning, . . . these [early] galaxies should appear very \u2018unevolved\u2019 and \u2018immature.\u2019 Yet, this expectation is routinely contradicted, and data from the JWST are making the disagreement even worse.\u201d8<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most astronomers favor other explanations for the JWST\u2019s glimpse into the early moments of the cosmic dawn. Any one or combination of these proposed explanations appears feasible: (1) a higher star formation efficiency at that time; (2) a higher percentage of very massive stars at that time; (3) a reduced quantity of dust or the presence of dust with a less dimming effect; and (4) adjustments to our understanding of the properties of dark matter haloes at that time. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am glad to report that spectroscopic follow-up studies for the observed galaxy candidates are ongoing. As research continues, the list of 90 ultrabright galaxies initially thought to have formed early in the cosmic dawn will likely be reduced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A More Promising Resolution<\/strong>
As astronomers continue to consider the significance of the JWST observations, a team of six astronomers at five American universities applied a novel approach to the investigation. Previously, these researchers applied a computer simulation tool, called the Feedback in Realistic Environments (FIRE) to show that \u039bCDM big bang models successfully predicted the observed properties of galaxies that formed during the most recent 13 billion years of cosmic history. They used the same FIRE computer simulation to test how well different cosmic models match the properties observed by the JWST of bright cosmic dawn galaxy candidates, specifically to those seen at lookback times ranging from 13.1\u201313.5 billion years ago.9<\/sup> These lookback times correspond to the universe when it was a mere 0.3\u20130.7 billion years old. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The team first pointed out that the claim in the context of \u039bCDM big bang models of an \u201coverabundance\u201d of bright galaxy candidates with exceptionally high ultraviolet luminosities in the cosmic dawn era reflected a potentially false assumption: that the star formation rate in these galaxies was constant. The team then tested two models for these cosmic dawn galaxies, one in which the star formation rate remains constant during the first 0.7 billion years of cosmic history, and the other in which star formation occurs in bursts, separated by brief intervals. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The latter of the two models corresponds closely with what astronomers have directly observed for galaxies throughout the past 13 billion years. Also, previous FIRE computer simulations based on the intermittent burst model produced the best fit with observed galaxy properties during the past 13 billion years. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The FIRE computer simulations that presumed cosmic dawn galaxies, those forming in the first 0.3\u20130.7 billion years of cosmic history, experienced stochastic, or \u201cbursty,\u201d star formation episodes, yielded ultraviolet galaxy luminosities about ten times brighter than simulations presuming star formation at a constant rate. The team found that with star formation occurring in bursts within these galaxies\/galaxy candidates, no need existed to invoke nonstandard big bang models, such as a top-heavy initial stellar mass function, reduced dust attenuation, alternate dark matter halo properties, or strongly enhanced star formation efficiency. The team concluded that JWST observations of early cosmic dawn galaxies appear to have yielded more, not less, evidence for \u039bCDM big bang models.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Philosophical Implications<\/strong>
The team\u2019s conclusions are consistent with reports presented in the Stars, Cells, and God <\/em>podcast <\/em>episode on the \u201cSource of Heavy Elements.\u201d10<\/sup> They\u2019re also aligned with two previous articles I have posted on JWST observations relevant to big bang cosmology.11<\/sup> Thanks to the computer modeling and analysis by this team of astronomers, we have gained even more confidence that the latest JWST observations support the biblically described cosmic creation event, aka the big bang.12<\/sup>    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endnotes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. C. T. Donnan et al., \u201cThe Evolution of the Galaxy UV Luminosity Function at Redshifts z = 8\u201315 from Deep JWST and Ground-Based Near-Infrared Imaging,\u201d Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society<\/em> 518, no. 4 (February 2023): 6011\u20136040, doi:10.1093\/mnras\/stac3472<\/a>; Yuichi Harikane et al., \u201cA Comprehensive Study of Galaxies at z ~ 9\u201316 Found in the Early JWST Data: Ultraviolet Luminosity Functions and Cosmic Star Formation History at the Pre-Reionization Epoch,\u201d Astrophysical Journal Supplement<\/em> 265, no. 1 (March 2023): id. 5, doi:10.3847\/1538-4365\/acaaa9<\/a>; Haojing Yan et al., \u201cFirst Batch of z = 11\u201320 Candidate Objects Revealed by the James Webb Space Telescope Early Release Observations on SMACS 0723-73,\u201d Astrophysical Journal Letters <\/em>942, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): id. L9, doi:10.3847\/2041-8213\/aca80c<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Edward L. Wright, \u201cA Cosmology Calculator for the World Wide Web,\u201d Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific <\/em>118, no. 850 (December 13, 2006): 1711\u20131715, doi:10.1086\/510102<\/a>. The online calculator is at https:\/\/www.astro.ucla.edu\/~wright\/CosmoCalc.html<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Guochao Sun et al., \u201cBursty Star Formation Naturally Explains the Abundance of Bright Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn,\u201d Astrophysical Journal Letters<\/em> 955, no. 2 (October 1, 2023): id. L35, p. 1, doi:10.3847\/2042-8213\/acf85a<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Hamsa Padmanabhan and Abraham Loeb, \u201cAlleviating the Need for Exponential Evolution of JWST Galaxies at 1010<\/sup>MSun<\/sub> Haloes at z > 10 by a Modified LCDM Power Spectrum,\u201d Astrophysical Journal Letters<\/em> 953, no. 1 (August 10, 2023): id. L4, doi:10.3847\/2042-8213\/acea7a<\/a>; Priyank Parashari and Ranjan Laha, \u201cPrimordial Power Spectrum in Light of JWST Observations of High Redshift Galaxies,\u201d Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters<\/em>526, no. 1 (November 2023): L63\u2013L69, doi:10.1093\/mnras\/slad107<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. Matteo Biagetti, Gabriele Franciolini, and Antonio Riotto, \u201cHigh-Redshift JWST Observations and Primordial Non-Gaussianity,\u201d Astrophysical Journal<\/em> 944, no. 2 (February 16, 2023): id. 113, doi:10.3847\/1538-4357\/acb5ea<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6. Yan Gong et al., \u201cFuzzy Dark Matter as a Solution to Reconcile the Stellar Mass Density of High-z Massive Galaxies and Reionization History,\u201d Astrophysical Journal <\/em>947, no. 1 (April 17, 2023): if. 28, doi:10.3847\/1538-4357\/acc109<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  7. Ken Ham, \u201cDoes the James Webb Space Telescope Show the Big Bang Didn\u2019t Happen?,\u201d Answers in Genesis,\u00a0Ken Ham Blog<\/em>, August 22, 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  8. Jake Hebert, \u201cWebb Telescope Continues to Challenge Big Bang<\/a>,\u201d Institute for Creation Research, News: Creation Science Update<\/em>, January 26, 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  9. Sun et al., \u201cBursty Star Formation Naturally Explains the Abundance of Bright Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn.\u201d <\/li>\n\n\n\n
  10. Fazale Rana and Hugh Ross, \u201cNeanderthal Flower Burial Nixed and Source of Heavy Elements,\u201d Reasons to Believe podcast, Stars, Cells, and God<\/em> (November 29, 2023), https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Y3yKYEnKQGw<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  11. Hugh Ross, \u201cCosmic Dawn Evidence Bolsters Case for Creation<\/a>,\u201d Today\u2019s New Reason to Believe <\/em>(blog), Reasons to Believe, July 10, 2023; Hugh Ross, \u201cJames Webb Space Telescope: Initial Revelations<\/a>,\u201d Today\u2019s New Reason to Believe<\/em> (blog), Reasons to Believe, September 12, 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  12. Hugh Ross, \u201cWhat Does the Bible Say about the Big Bang?<\/a>\u201d Today\u2019s New Reason to Believe <\/em>(blog), Reasons to Believe, February 6, 2023.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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