{"id":355072,"date":"2024-01-29T05:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-01-29T13:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/?p=355072"},"modified":"2024-01-29T05:00:00","modified_gmt":"2024-01-29T13:00:00","slug":"bible-got-it-right-immutable-physical-laws","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/reasons.org\/creation\/universe\/bible-got-it-right-immutable-physical-laws","title":{"rendered":"Bible Got It Right: Immutable Physical Laws"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

In the twenty-first century, sometimes referred to as the \u201cpost-truth\u201d era, people in growing numbers have begun to distrust science, scientists, and centuries\u2019 worth of scientific research findings. Cases in which scientific data have been manipulated or misrepresented for political or ideological purposes have led people around the world to question even the most firmly established facts. Today, a shocking number of people stand behind the claim that the world and all our solar system planets are flat<\/em> bodies. Many claim that NASA astronauts never set foot on the Moon or that the glorious images captured through space telescopes are fake.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A fundamental principle undergirding all scientific disciplines and endeavors is under attack. Various individuals, for reasons other than scientific ones, are suggesting that the laws and constants of physics may not<\/em> be invariable at all times and places throughout the universe. They question the very foundation of the scientific method and, thus, the basis for all scientific knowledge. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

My purpose in writing today is to counter this alarming antiscience trend by providing a thorough review of the latest, most firmly established measurements and observations upholding and solidly affirming the case for unchanging physical laws. At the same time, these findings attest to what the Bible declared thousands of years ago, a declaration that became a major stepping stone in my journey toward trust in God and his Word.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Bible, in fact, gave and still gives impetus to investigating the natural world and trusting what our investigation reveals. It seems no accident of history that the Scientific Revolution exploded out of Reformation Europe. That\u2019s when and where, for the first time, the message of the Bible became more widely known to the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Recent Experimental Affirmations of Unchanging Physical Laws\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>
The fine-structure constant quantifies the strength of the electromagnetic force interactions among elementary charged particles.\u00a0Laboratory experiments using\u00a0single-ion optical clocks<\/a>\u00a0conducted over a span of 1 year showed that possible variations in the fine-structure constant could be no greater than 3.9 x 10-17<\/sup>\/year.1<\/sup>\u00a0This determination represents the most stringent laboratory confirmation to date on the unchanging nature of the fine-structure constant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Further evidence comes from a natural nuclear fission reactor<\/a> that operated two billion years ago in what is now Oklo, Gabon. Calculations performed on fresh cores in the reactor, each with different uranium content, combined with measurements of the samarium-149 cross section and the ratios of samarium-147 to samarium-149, established that changes in the fine-structure constant2<\/sup> and the strange quark<\/a> mass3<\/sup> over the past 2 billion years must be no greater than 1.0 x 10-17<\/sup>\/year and 1.0 x 10-18<\/sup>\/year respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three Japanese physicists conducted experiments on ultracold (140 microkelvin or 0.00014 \u00b0C above absolute zero) photoassociated 41<\/sup>K87<\/sup>Rb molecules. Their experiments, performed over a four-year period, showed that variation in the electron-to-proton mass ratio must be no more than 1.3 x 10-14<\/sup>\/year.4<\/sup> Experiments based on comparisons of Ytterbium+<\/sup>and Cesium atomic clocks established that the electron-to-proton mass ratio varied by less than 2.1 x 10-16<\/sup>\/year.5<\/sup> A team of ten British physicists using single-ion atomic optical clocks determined that variation of the electron-to-proton magnetic moment ratio must be less than 1.3 x 10-16<\/sup>\/year.6<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Just to be clear, each of these numbers from each of these tests comes as close to zero as technology allows or total confidence requires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Apollo Confirmations<\/strong>
On July 21, 1969, many of us who are old enough had the privilege of watching\u00a0live<\/em>, on television, as astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin set up a laser reflector on the Moon\u2019s surface. Its purpose: to test gravitational theories (see figure 1). In 1971, the Apollo 14 crew placed a similar laser reflector at a different site on the Moon, and the Apollo 15 crew set up another. Theirs was a higher quality reflector, three times the size of the one installed by Armstrong and Aldrin (see figure 2). Figure 3 shows the locations on the Moon of the three laser reflectors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 1: Apollo 11 Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument<\/strong>
Credit: NASA<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 2: Apollo 15 Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument<\/strong>
Credit: NASA, Dave Scott<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 3: Lunar Laser Ranging Reflector Sites Set Up by Three Apollo Crews<\/strong>
Image credit: NASA; diagram credit: Hugh Ross<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Six observatories on Earth are capable of performing precise timing experiments by bouncing laser reflections off these Apollo lunar instruments: the McDonald Observatory in Texas, the Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico, the Haleakala Observatory in Hawaii, Observatoire de la C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur in France, the Matera Observatory in Italy, and the Wettzell Observatory in Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a previous article, I explained how lunar laser ranging (LLR) experiments have demonstrated the veracity of Einstein\u2019s theory of general relativity, a theory that is a cornerstone of cosmic origin models.7<\/sup>\u00a0These same experiments are useful for testing the variability of the gravitational force constant and the electron-to-proton mass ratio. The LLR experiments conducted over a 51-year period have yielded tight constraints on these two constants. They show that the gravitational force constant varies by no more than 1.5 x 10-14<\/sup>\/year,8<\/sup>\u00a0and the electron-to-proton mass ratio, by no more than 4.5 x 10-14<\/sup>\/year.9<\/sup>\u00a0Again, numbers so small as to be considered zero.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

New Observational Tests of Physical Laws<\/strong>
Due to the finite, identical (to within fifteen decimal places),10<\/sup>\u00a0and accurately known velocities of light, neutrinos, and gravity waves, astronomers are able to test the constancy of the laws of physics throughout deep time. Astronomical observations provide direct measures of the characteristics and operation of the physical laws at any time during the history of the universe simply by focusing on astronomical objects at different distances from Earth. (The greater the distance of an astronomical object, the farther back in time astronomers observe the light, gravity waves, or neutrinos emitted by the object.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Astronomers can measure the wavelength positions of certain spectral lines emitted by stars, galaxies, and quasars, observing where the spectral lines are shifted by interactions with electric and magnetic fields. Such measurements yield the value of the fine-structure constant at the moment when light was emitted from the star, galaxy, or quasar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thousands of measurements made by astronomers show that the fine-structure constant in stars, galaxies, and quasars from 4 light-years to 12.9 billion light-years away differs by no more than 1 part in a million from its measured value on Earth today.11<\/sup> These measurements imply that any variations in the value of the fine-structure constant would be no greater than 7.8 x 10-17<\/sup>\/year over the past 12.9 billion years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Similarly, astronomical observation of spectral lines in stars, galaxies, and quasars shows that variations in the electron-to-proton mass ratio must be no greater than 1.36 x 10-17<\/sup>\/year over the past 7.34 billion years12<\/sup> and no greater than 1.6 x 10-17<\/sup>\/year throughout the past 12.9 billion years.13<\/sup> The same kinds of observations establish that the gravitational force constant has varied by no more than 7.9 x 10-12<\/sup>\/year over the past 11.0 billion years.14<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Helioseismology<\/a> observations of the Sun conducted over a 24-year period demonstrate that the gravitational force constant varies by no more than 5.2 x 10-14<\/sup>\/year.15<\/sup> Meanwhile, pulsar timing observations conducted over a 26-year period confirm that any changes in the gravitational force constant can be no more than 1.0 x 10-12<\/sup>\/year.16<\/sup>  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unchanging Physical Laws in the Earliest Moments of the Universe<\/strong>
Several papers published in theoretical journals suggest the possibility of small changes in a few of the constants undergirding the laws of physics. Such speculations point only to the extremely early history of the universe\u2014the time before the first stars and galaxies formed, even before the occurrence of\u00a0nucleosynthesis<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, the observed effects of big bang nucleosynthesis imply that the fundamental constants undergirding the laws of physics possessed the same values then as physicists measure today in their experiments and that astronomers see in their observations of stars, galaxies, and quasars.17<\/sup> These effects indicate that the laws of physics have remained unchanged since the universe was just one second old.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A recent article in Astronomy & Astrophysics<\/em>18<\/sup> indicates that a tiny change in the fine-structure constant at that very early moment would be conceivable IF<\/em> there were no viable solution to what\u2019s considered the \u201clithium problem.\u201d It seems the amount of lithium astronomers have observed in stars falls short of the amount predicted to arise from big bang nucleosynthesis. Yet, as demonstrated in The Creator and the Cosmos, 4th edition<\/em>, several possible solutions to the lithium problem do exist, and they require no variation in the value of any of the constants undergirding the laws of physics.19<\/sup> The most likely of these solutions is the presence, in the early universe, of a small population of stars more massive (on average) and, consequently, much brighter than stars that exist today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The bottom line is that everything we know and can measure about the physics of the universe and Earth, sometimes to the seventeenth and eighteenth places of the decimal, confirms\u2014even shouts\u2014that the laws of physics have not changed. Speculation about small changes in the laws of physics is strictly hypothetical, not based on knowledge and understanding. The epoch that remains, as yet, inaccessible to scientific observation and testing is the initial 0.00000000000000002 portion of cosmic history!\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Philosophical\/Theological Implications<\/strong>
Thanks to their unwavering dedication and persistence and to the amazing technological tools in their hands, astronomers and physicists have affirmed the clear and repeated biblical claim that throughout the whole history of the universe and Earth, the laws of physics have remained fixed, that is, unchanged. Countless experiments and observations provide consistent affirmations of the Bible\u2019s unique predictive power, a potent testimony to its divine inspiration and inerrancy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

No other holy book accurately describes multiple facts of nature centuries, even millennia, before they could be observed and tested by thorough and detailed scientific investigation. This biblical claim of unchanging physical laws and constants is one of the assertions, or \u201cpredictions,\u201d that made a potent impression on me, as a curious science student beginning to investigate Christianity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Jeremiah 33, I read that God rebuked the Jews for doubting his promises. In Jeremiah 33:25, the prophet compares the certainty of God\u2019s promises to \u201cthe fixed laws of heaven and earth.\u201d The clear implication, here, is that just as the laws of physics, from thermodynamics to gravity to electromagnetism and more can be counted on to remain unchanging, so, too, can God\u2019s promises be counted on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Romans 8:20 says that the creation has been subjected to \u201cfrustration\u201d or \u201cfutility.\u201d Verses 21\u201322 declare that all of creation, the entire universe, was, and is, in a state of \u201cslavery to decay\u201d or \u201cbondage to corruption.\u201d What clearer depiction could be offered for the second law of thermodynamics<\/a>? Ecclesiastes 1 and 3 and Revelation 21 support the claim that the whole of nature has been subjected to and continually experiences ongoing decay. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Given the design features God built into the universe, this progression to disorder (entropy) is essential for physical life and physical work to be possible, but that\u2019s another story, which I have told elsewhere.20<\/sup> Romans 8:23 tells us that the laws of physics will remain pervasively in effect until God\u2019s redemptive work is complete. The completion of this work will occur when the full number of humans God intends to redeem have embraced his offer of rescue in Christ.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In other words, the more we learn about the created realm, both the cosmos and ourselves, the stronger the basis for confidence that the biblical writers were supernaturally and accurately inspired21<\/sup> by the One who brought the cosmos\u2014and all of us\u2014into existence. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endnotes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. T. Rosenband et al., \u201cFrequency Ratio of Al+ and Hg+ Single-Ion Optical Clocks; Metrology at the 17th<\/sup> Decimal Place,\u201d Science<\/em> 319, no. 5871 (March 28, 2008): 1808\u20131812, doi:10.1126\/science.1154622<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Yasunori Fujii et al., \u201cThe Nuclear Interaction at Oklo 2 Billion Years Ago,\u201d Nuclear Physics B<\/em> 573, nos. 1\u20132 (May 2000): 377\u2013401, doi:10.1016\/S0550-3213(00)00038-9.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Yu V. Petrov et al., \u201cNatural Nuclear Reactor at Oklo and Variation of Fundamental Constants: Computation and Neutronics of a Fresh Core,\u201d Physical Review C<\/em> 74, no. 6 (December 14, 2006): id. 064610, doi:10.1103\/PhysRevC.74.064610<\/a>; V. V. Flambaum and E. V. Shuryak, \u201cLimits on Cosmological Variation of Strong Interaction and Quark Masses from Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Cosmic, Laboratory, and Oklo Data,\u201d Physical Review D <\/em>65, no. 10 (April 22, 2002): id. 103503, doi:10.1103\/PhysRev\/D.65.103503<\/a>; V. F. Dmitriev and V. V. Flambaum, \u201cLimits on Cosmological Variation of Quark Masses and Strong Interaction,\u201d Physical Review D<\/em> 67, no. 6 (March 26, 2003): id. 063513, doi:10.1103\/PhysRevD.67.063513<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. J. Kobayashi, A. Ogino, and S. Inouye, \u201cMeasurement of the Variation of Electron-to-Proton Mass Ratio Using Ultracold Molecules Produced from Laser-Cooled Atoms,\u201d Nature Communications<\/em> 10 (August 21, 2019): id. 3771, doi:10.1038\/s41467-019-11761-1<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. N. Huntemann et al., \u201cImproved Limit on a Temporal Variation of mp<\/sub>\/me<\/sub> from Comparisons of Yb+<\/sup> and Cs Atomic Clocks,\u201d Physical Review Letters<\/em> 113, no. 21 (November 17, 2014): id. 210802, doi:10.1103\/PhysRevLett.113.210802<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6. R. M. Godun et al., \u201cFrequency Ratio of Two Optical Clock Transitions in 171<\/sup>Yb+<\/sup> and Constraints on the Time Variation of Fundamental Constants,\u201d Physical Review Letters<\/em> 113, no, 21 (November 17, 2014): id. 210801, doi:10.1103\/PhysRevLett.113.210801<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  7. Hugh Ross, \u201cGeneral Relativity and Its Christian Implications Pass Yet More Tests<\/a>,\u201d Today\u2019s New Reason to Believe<\/em>(blog), Reasons to Believe, December 18, 2017.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  8. Liliane Biskupek, J\u00fcrgen M\u00fcller, and Jean-Marie Torre, \u201cBenefit of New High-Precision LLR Data for the Determination of Relativistic Parameters,\u201d Universe<\/em> 7, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): id. 34, doi:10.3390\/universe7020034<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  9. Biskupek, M\u00fcller, and Torre, \u201cBenefit of New High-Precision LLR Data.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  10. B. P. Abbott et al., LIGO Scientific \u201cCollaboration and Virgo Collaboration, \u201cGW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral,\u201d Physical Review Letters<\/em> 119, no. 16 (October 16, 2017): id. 161101, doi:10.1103\/PhysRevLett.119.161101<\/a>; B. P. Abbott et al., LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration, Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor, and INTEGRAL, \u201cGravitational Waves and Gamma-Rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A,\u201d Astrophysical Journal Letters <\/em>848, no. 2 (October 20, 2017): id. L13, doi:10.3847\/2041-8213\/aa920c<\/a>; Jun-Jie Wei et al., \u201cLimits on the Neutrino Velocity, Lorentz Invariance, and the Weak Equivalence Principle with TeV Neutrinos from Gamma Ray Bursts,\u201d Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics<\/em> 2016, no. 8 (August 16, 2016): id. 031, doi:10.1088\/1475-7516\/2016\/08\/031<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  11. Michael T. Murphy et al., \u201cFundamental Physics with ESPRESSO: Precise Limit on Variations in the Fine-Structure Constant Towards the Bright Quasar HE 0515-4414,\u201d Astronomy & Astrophysics<\/em> 658 (February 2022): id. A123, doi:10.1051\/0004-6361\/202142257<\/a>; T. D. Le, \u201cStringent Limit on Space-Time Variation of Fine-Structure Constant Using High-Resolution of Quasar Spectra,\u201d Heliyon<\/em> 6, no. 9 (September 2020): id. e05011, doi:10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05011<\/a>; Haoran Liang and Zhe Wu, \u201cMeasuring the Fine-Structure Constant on Quasar Spectra: High Spectral Resolution Gains More Than a Large Size of Moderate Spectral Resolution Spectra,\u201d Proceedings of the SPIE 12644, International Workshop on Frontiers of Graphics and Image Processing (FGIP 2022)<\/em>(May 3, 2023): id. 1264408, doi:10.1117\/12.2670012<\/a>; Michael T. Murphy, Adrian L. Malec, and J. Xavier Prochaska, \u201cPrecise Limits on Cosmological Variability of the Fine-Structure Constant with Zinc and Chromium Quasar Absorption Lines,\u201d Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society<\/em> 461, no. 3 (September 21, 2016): 2461\u20132479, doi:10.1093\/mnras\/stw1482<\/a>; S. A. Levshakov et al., \u201cAn Upper Limit to the Variation in the Fundamental Constants at Redshift z<\/em> = 5.2,\u201d Astronomy & Astrophysics: Letters<\/em> 540 (April 2012): id. L9, doi:10.1051\/0004-6361\/201219042;<\/a>Franco D. Albareti et al., \u201cConstraint on the Time Variation of the Fine-Structure Constant with the SDSS-III\/BOSS DR12 Quasar Sample,\u201d Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society<\/em> 452, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 4153\u20134168, doi:10.1093\/mnras\/atv1406<\/a>; S. M. Kotu\u0161, M. T. Murphy, and R. F. Carswell, \u201cHigh-Precision Limit on Variation in the Fine-Structure Constant from a Single Quasar Absorption System,\u201d Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society<\/em>464, no. 3 (January 2017): 3679\u20133703, doi:10.1093\/mnras\/stw2543<\/a>; Raghunathan Srianand et al., \u201cLimits on the Time Variation of the Electromagnetic Fine-Structure Constant in the Low Energy Limit from Absorption Lines in the Spectra of Distant Quasars,\u201d Physical Review Letters<\/em> 92, no. 12 (March 26, 2004): id. 121302, doi:10.1103\/PhysRevLett.92.121302<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  12. Julija Bagdonaite et al., \u201cA Stringent Limit on a Drifting Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio from Alcohol in the Early Universe,\u201d Science<\/em> 339, no. 6115 (December 13, 2012): 46\u201348, doi:10.1126\/science.1224898<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  13. Levshakov et al., \u201cAn Upper Limit to the Variation in the Fundamental Constants at Redshift z<\/em> = 5.2.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  14. Earl Patrick Bellinger and J\u00f8rgen Christensen-Dalsgaard, \u201cAsteroseismic Constraints on the Cosmic-Time Variation of the Gravitational Constant from an Ancient Main-sequence Star,\u201d The Astrophysical Journal Letters<\/em> 887, no. 1 (December 3, 2019): id. L1, doi:10.3847\/2041-8213\/ab43e7<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  15. Alfio Bonanno and Hans-Erich Fr\u00f6hlich, \u201cA New Helioseismic Constraint on a Cosmic-Time Variation of G<\/em>,\u201d The Astrophysical Journal Letters<\/em> 893, no. 2 (April 21, 2020): id. L35, doi:10.3847\/2041-8213\/ab86b9<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  16. W. W. Zhu et al., \u201cTests of Gravitational Symmetries with Pulsar Binary J1713+0747,\u201d Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society<\/em> 482, no. 3 (January 2019): 3249\u20133260, doi:10.1093\/mnras\/sty2905<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  17. Kazuhide Ichikawa and M. Kawasaki, \u201cConstraining the Variation of the Coupling Constants with Big Bang Nucleosynthesis,\u201d Physical Review D<\/em> 65, no. 12 (June 6, 2002): id. 123511, doi:10.1103\/PhysRevD.65.123511<\/a>; Bruce A. Campbell and Keith A. Olive, \u201cNucleosynthesis and the Time Dependence of Fundamental Couplings,\u201d Physics Letters B<\/em> 345, no. 4 (February 23, 1995): 429\u2013434, doi:10.1016\/0370-2693(94)01652-S<\/a>.  <\/li>\n\n\n\n
  18. M. T. Clara and C. J. A. P. Martins, \u201cPrimordial Nucleosynthesis with Varying Fundamental Constants: Improved Constraints and a Possible Solution to the Lithium Problem,\u201d Astronomy & Astrophysics<\/em> 633 (January 2020): id. L11, doi:10.1051\/0004-6361\/201937211<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  19. Hugh Ross, The Creator and the Cosmos, 4th ed<\/em><\/a> (Covina, CA: RTB Press, 2018), 62\u201364.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  20. Hugh Ross,\u00a0Why the Universe Is the Way It Is<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(Covina, CA: RTB Press, 2008), 95\u2013181.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  21. \u00a0Hebrews 6:18.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    This article presents compelling scientific evidence affirming the immutable laws of physics, aligning with biblical insights and supporting trust in 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